clause

BAB I
PENDAHULUAN

A. Latar Belakang

Belajar bahasa Inggris merupakan keharusan bagi setiap manusia, yang ingin menjalani perekembangan, karena anpa hal ini ia akan kehilangan arah dalam mencapai tujuan. Oleh karena itu, pemakalah menyajikan sebuah uraian singkat yang akan di bahas dalam makalah ini.
Dalam menguasai percakapan bahasa Inggris, sebelumnya kita haru memahami tata bahasanya. Maka dari itu penulis membahas dalam makalah ini yang merupakan bagian dari syntax, berjudul clause. Tentang clause merupakan hal yang penting untuk di pelajari sebagai awal menguasai senences, serta English gramatcal.
Dalam makalah ini, penulis menguraikan tentang berbagai macam clause beserta contoh-contohnya, guna membantu agar lebih memahami lebih mendalam.

B. Rumusan Masalah
Dari uraian latar belakang di atas, maka penulis dapat merumuskan masalah sebagai beriku:
1. Apa pengertian clause?
2. Ada berapakah jenis-jenis clause itu?
3. Mengetahui contoh-contoh dalam setiap pembagian clause.


BAB II
PEMBAHASAN

A. The Definition Of Clause

According to Cook (1969:65) the clause levelis that level that is bellow the sentence level and above the phrase level. The clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb (oxford learner’s pocket dictionary, page:12). Dalam bahasa Indonesia, dapat di artikan sebagai serangkaian kata yang bermakna dan berpola subjek dan predikat.
Ada beberapa macam clause, yaitu:
1. Main clause (independent clause).
An independent clause is a main clause, it can stand alone as a sentence. Dalam bahasa Indonesia di kenal dengan nama kalimat induk/pokok. Suatu hal yang utama dari jenis ini adalah sudah mempunyai ide, gagasan, pokok pikiran yang dapat di pahami. Seperti: I meet a man.
2. Subordinate clause (dependent clause).
A dependent clause must be connected to an independent clause. A dependent clause can not stand alone as a sentence. Subordinat clause dikenal sebagai nama anak kalimat, claus ini belum mempunyai kemandirian sehingga harus di kaitkan dengan kalimat pokoknya untuk dapa menimbulkan pemahaman yang utuh. Seperti: who is kind to every body. Dimana subordinate clause ini mempunyai bentukan: conjunction + S + V.
B. The Differentiation Beween Clause and Sentence
Clause merupakan serangkaian kata yang bermakna dan berpola S + P. dengan type:
a. ransitive clauses.
Transitive clauses are clauses whose predicates are filled by transitive verb, namely verb that mus take directt objek like visit, write, play, speak, love, etc.
Example: john loves Mary very much..
b. Intransitive clauses
Intransitive clause are filled by intransitive verb namely, verb no taking direct object, like work, go, sit, etc.
Example: He is looking around the office right now.
c. Equative clause.
Equative clause are filled by equative verb, like, because, grw, seem, appear, look, remain, feel, smell, etc.
2. Subordinate Clause
a). As an adjective clause.
The adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies:
• Noun or Pronoun, (N + who/which/that + V + O).
Example: he girl who won the race is happy.
• Noun clause
Noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun, a noun clause may be used as a subject, complement, predicate, nominative, direct object, indirect bject, or the bject f prepositio.
- Subject: what I like best about my rip to Mexico was seing the Aztec ruins.
- Predicate: The loser is however has the inal piece to the puzzle.
- Direct object: We thought we knew what kwam’s gift would be.
- Indirect object: The deaf will tell whoever asks the ricipe for her specially.
- bject of preposition: She carefully checkedthe aplication of whoever aplied for the job.
Noun clause are usually inroduced by that, what, whatever, wh, whoever, whom, and whoever, sometimes, however, noun clause do not has an introductory words. Example: Roy wishd he could join the group.
• Adverbial clause.
Sementara sentence merupakan serangkaian kata yang bermakna, dan sekurang-kurangnya terdiri dari satu clausa.
Kinds of sentence:
1. A simple sentence has one independent clause and no subordinate clause. It may have a compaund verb and any number of clauses. Example: after studing Russia and listening to their grandmother’s stories, Tanya and Alex decided to prepare a Russian meal for heir friends.
2. A compaund sentence has two r more independent clauses but not subordinate clauses.
In effect, a compaund sentence cosist of two or more simple sentence joined by a comma and coordinating conjunction.
Example: They had eaten many of their grandmother’s Rusian specialties but they had never prepared them.
Tanya’s favorite was piroshki, Alexis like dumping, latkes and blining.
They had woched their grandmother prepare these dishes, consequently, they knew it has a lot of work.
3. A coplex sentence has one independent clause and at least one subordinae
clause.
4. A compaund comlex senence contain two or more independent clauses and
at least ne subordinate clauses.

C. Complementizer
The word ”that” one of the caracteristic signal of the nun pharase cmplement, called coplementizer are intrduce into deep structure by the complementizer transformation. The commn complementizer in English are:
a). The clause complementizer “that”
• That Muligan had behaved recklessly wrried Stehen.
• Tha man growing older and older.
b). The invinitive complementizer “for...to”
• For Muligan to have behaved recklessly worried Stephen.
• For Metternich to leave Ausria was astonishing.
c). The gerundive complementizer, he genetive or pssesive. Form of he noun or pronun and “ing” spelled is either “S...ing” generally for singular noun.
• Muligan’s having behaved recklessly worried Stephen.
• Mattermich’s leaving Austria was astronshing.
D. The Funcion Of That Clause
The clause are so called because they are introduced by the conjunction that. They may function as eiher subject, bject or complement. As the follwing example:
1. That Jim should take a bath amazed Penny (that clause as subject).
2. Jim believe that baths are harmful to the persnality (that clause as object).
3. The possibility is that Jim is scarred f mater (that clause as cmplement).
When that clause functions as subject, it is nrmally the case that a dummy it function in subject position and the that clause is extraposed. Example in it amazed Penny that Jim should take a bath. Here the subject is the that clause, but it has been put after the rest oof the clause and it position in the clause has been filled by it. Whose only functin is a place holding.

E. Invinitive Adverbial
The adverb clause is subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb. An adverb clause tells how, when, where, why, how much, t what extent or under what condition the action f the main verb tekes place.
1. place
Chief conjunction: where (and derivatives), put it back where you found it.
2. Time
Chief conjunction: when (and its derivatives), as soon as (ever), as long as (ever), until (till), before, after, by the ime, etc.
3. Contrast
Certain conjunction f place and time are now used to introduce a consrnting clause, very like the clauses of concession. Example: I wanted to go n, whereas my friend wanted to torn back.
4. Manner
Chief conjunction: as, how in that. Example: He did as I told him.
5. Degree (positive, als extent r amunt).
Chief conjunction: as, as...as, not s, (as)...as. the subordinate clause cmpares somehing to the main clause in equal degre. The recomended distinction, as good as he is and not s gd as he is, and nt s gd as he is, is nt in fact stricly kept, probably, because of the similiar rigins of so and as. The form not as good as he is quite acceptable English.
Example: Life is pleasent as you make it.
6. Degree (proportionate or prallel)
Chief conjunction, according as (to) in prportion as, the...the.
Example: We shall get there earlier or letter according as we walk quicker or slower.
7. Degree (comparative)
Chief conjunction, than.
Example: she is much older than she look.
8. Degree (restricion)
Chief conjunction, as, so (as) long as, so (as) for as, in so for as, for all (anything), (that), (not) that.
Example: you can stay here, so long as you are quite.
9. Cause
Chief conjunction, Because, since, as, when, seing (that), for.
Example: I can not go because I have not ticket.
10. Consession
Cief conjunction, although (even) though, if, as, whoever, not matter who,etc
Example: Although it is late we will stay a little longer.
11. Purpose
Chief conjunction, that, in other that, so (that), lest, for, in case, etc.
Example: Make a not if it lest you (may, might, should,) forget.
12. Result
Chief conjunction, that, so (that) so (much)…what , but, that (negative). Result clause is like an inversion of classes of cause, so that introducting a clause of purpose can always be replaced by in order that, we can not do with so that introducing a clause of result. We can, how ever, reserve the clauses in such in sentence, changing the main clauses into one of cause (introduced by as, since or because)
Purpose: I wrote clearly so (that) anyone could read it. 9in order that0.
Result: I wrote clearly so (that) anyone could read it (because I wrote clearly).
Example: it was quite windy, so (that) we had to button our coasts up.
It is a good story (that) I will never forget it.
13. Condition
Invinitive phrase, often a shorter way of expressing a clause.
Type(1), main clause: furure, if, clouse, present (like a probable).
Type(2) main clause: would, if, clause past (unlikely or improtable simaginary).
Type(3) main clause: would-have, if-clause-past perfect. (impossible).
Example: you will hurt yourself if you are not careful. (so be careful).

F. Kesimpulan
Clause memanglah mirip dengan kalimat, makanya kita harus ppandai-pandai untuk memberikan batasan dari keduanya, agar nampak di bedakan antara clausa dengan kslimat. Yaitu, dalam kalimat kemungkinan terdapat klausa didalamnya. Karena gabungan dari clausa akan membentuk suatu kalimat.












DAFTAR PUSTAKA

- Holt, Rinehart and winson. English woroshop (third course).
- Howard Jakson. Analyzing English New York: Penganan press. 1982.
- Roderick A Jacobs. Peter S. Rosenbaun. English transformasional grammar. London: Blaisdell publishing company. 1968.
- W. Standard Allen. Living English structure. Malaysia: longman group. UK limied. 1995.